Format: Ms- WORD Chapters: 1-5
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Background of study
According
to the oxford English dictionary water is been define as a colorless and
transparent,odourless,liquid which form the seas,lakes,rivers and rain it also
form the basis of fluid in living organisms. Water is essential to life and its
supply, consumption and spatial distribution are closely associated with
economic growth and the development of society. Apart from air, water is
indispensable to life it is a foundation for human prosperity because adequate
and high quality water supplies provide a basis for the growth and development
of human social, economic and culture of people (Ward, 1975, Young, 2006). The
importance of water to man cannot be overemphasized, it holds the most
important benefit to man‟s sustenance beside shelter, food and clothing (Ajadi,
1996) According to Amin and Mahmud, (2011) it is recognized all over the world
that water is a vital resource to human existence and that is a major factor in
commanding the progress of civilization.
Water is essential in sustaining
quality of life on earth, the sustainability of socially sensitive goods such
as water depends on effective and efficient use of available water resources.
Amin and Mahmud, (2011) also reported that the extensive use of water has
increased globally and the efficacy of supply side measure is questionable
owing to drastic increase in population, technological advancement and economic
growth; the demand for water supplies is continuously increasing, numerous
researchers have emphasized on water demand management rather than the supply
side management. The water demand study in relation to water supply enables us
to estimate how much the increase in demand for water supplies.
Water
demand is the quantity that the treatment plant produce in order to meet all
water needs in the community. Water demand includes water delivered to the
system to meet the need of consumers, water supply for fire fighting and system
flushing. On the other hand water supply refers to system for the collection,
transmission, treatment, storage and distribution of water Admassu M. (1996).
In
other words water is an input that is needed directly or indirectly for the
production of goods and services. Water affect the economy of a country in many
respect .the monetary value of water reflect only insufficiently the importance
of the most relevant natural resource for the world economy.
According
to Fabiyi and Ahmed (2011), one of the most important problems of urbanization
across the world is that of water supply, because of its role in natural health
and economic development. They reported that an important aspect of urban water
supply is the understanding of household water demand at the level of household
is complex phenomenon which varies on the basis of socio-economic factors. it
is reported that the level of water supply in the university environment is
poor and due to the absence of well and nearby dam people find it difficult to
get water and they go and they go for alternative sources like the few borehole
around,rain,and water tankers.
This
research work seeks to access the problems of water scarcity and it management
in Anyigba as university town. Furthermore it seeks to examine the rate of
demand and supply of water in the area,
the availability of water in the area, and the accessibility of water in the
area.
1.1 Statement of the problem
Inspite of
effort being made by some residence to make water available in the area
by the building of boreholes on the
other hand the topography and water table
also affect the availability of water in anyigba.
Adedayo and Ifabiyi (1999) examined
the distribution of water and the role of public agencies in Ilorin, Kwara
State. Using descriptive statistics, they found out that unevenness in the
distribution of water is as a result of political interference in the
activities of the agencies, the localities of highly placed government officer
are favoured to the neglect of others. Ijaya (2000) investigated the impact of
water shortage and depletion on the productive time of women in Ilorin. The
author made use of structured questionnaire, informal interview and participant
observation. The result of the study revealed the shortages to inadequate
supply of water is due to inefficiency by delivery agent and contamination of
water due to poor sanitation. Nsofor (2000) examined the effect of attitude and
social-economic characteristics on water based outdoor recreation participation
in Benin City using descriptive statistic data. He found out that the use of
water base recreation activities is significantly affected by attitude and
socio-economic characteristic of users. Sule and Okeola (2002) assessed the
performance of a regional water supply management in Ilorin, Kwara State. Using
both the descriptive and inferential statistics such a single percentage and
correlation analysis. The result of the study revealed that increasing
urbanization population and ineffective management of water resources have lead
to water crisis.
Kirby
(2004), carried out analysis on water scarcity, he revealed that water scarcity
is as a result of growth and simultaneous increase in urbanization of the
global population threatens to exhaust existing fresh water and the increased
in consumer’s demand for amenities such as home dish water and swimming pools
The
demand for water has been increasing more than twice the rate of population
increases. In the last century and although there is no global water scarcity
as such an increasing number of region are chronically short of water (UNDESA 2011)In
addiction to this anyigba as a university town due to it increase in population
is also facing the issues of water scarcity .
1.2 Aims and objectives of
the study
The
aim of this study is narrowed towards examining the problems of water scarcity
in Anyigba base on:-
·
To analyze the source of water in Anyigba
·
To access the factors
affecting water demand and supply in anyigba
·
Examine the
relationship between water demand and
supply
1.3 Research
question
what
is /are the sources of water in the study area?
How accessible and available is water in the study area?
1.4 Hypothesis
HI The
mismanagement of water has lead to the scarcity of water in anyigba
HO The
mismanagement of water has not lead to the scarcity of water in anyigba
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The length of the study
is carried out within the context of the university town (Anyigba) mostly
around the university area. Base on the assessment of the problems of water
scarcity and it management in the area. The depth of the study covers issues relating to the accessibility of
water, availability of water, the demand and supply of water.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Due
to the time frame there wasn’t enough time for the research to cover specific
aspect of water scarcity, this research is just base on the summary of the
assessing the problems of water scarcity and it management. The next researcher
should be more specific in dealing with the problems of water scarcity in
specific way and come up with possible solution towards these problems, as this
will help the residence of anyigba
Accessing
the study however depends on having access to people and documents due to the
timeframe they were not really enough times, and sometimes access were being
denied due people busy schedule and preparation for exams.
1.7 STUDY
AREA
1.7.1 LOCATION
The study area covers Anyigba town in dekina local government Area in kogi state Anyigba is a prominent town in okura district .Anyigba lies on the latitiudes of 7.15 and 7.29 N of the equator and longitudes 7.11 and 7 .32.E of the green which meritdian and withn an average altitude of 420 meters above sea level (ifatimehin et al,2009) The town is located almost at the center of dekina local government area and it is borded in the north by Ajiolo,Abocho,Biradu village .Abejukolo,Egume and Agbeji to the south .Abadigba to the east and Ofugulu and Owowolo in the west .Anyigba is located in a central place of the igala nodal settlement.anyigba on the other hand can also be refer to as the university town because it is the seat of the kogi state university anyigba ,which has contributed to the social economic development and population of the area............................
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